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Introduction: The term “pathology” also refers to the general study of illness, which encompasses a wide range of biological research areas and medical specialties. However, the term is frequently used more specifically when referring to procedures and examinations that fall under the modern medical field of “general pathology,” which is composed of several different but related medical specialties that diagnose disease, primarily through the examination of tissue, cell, and bodily fluid samples.

The following are some pathologic topics:

Etymology:

Pathos (o), which means “experience” or “suffering,” and -logia (-o), which means “study of,” are the sources of the term pathology. Originating in the early sixteenth century, the Latin phrase gained popularity after the 1530s.

Pathology in general

The many yet intricately related goals of biological research and clinical care are split into various subdisciplines in the current practice of pathology. While a wide range of life science experts are involved in biomedical research into the illness, in most other areas of the globe, in order to be licensed to practice pathology as a medical speciality, one must first graduate from medical school and obtain a licence to practice medicine. The structural division of the study of illness into several domains that investigate or identify disease-related indicators by utilizing techniques and technology unique to various scales, organs, and tissue types

Pathology of the human body:

The diagnosis of illness based on the macroscopic, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and entire bodies is the focus of the medical profession known as anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or anatomic pathology (United States).

Cytopathology:

The field of pathology known as cytopathology, often known as “cytology,” analyses and makes diagnoses of illnesses at the cellular level. In addition to thyroid lesions, diseases affecting sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a variety of other body sites, it is typically used to assist in the diagnosis of cancer. It also aids in the diagnosis of other inflammatory conditions, certain infectious diseases, and other infectious conditions.

Dermatopathology:

Skin and the rest of the integumentary system are the focus of the anatomic pathology specialization of dermatology. It is distinctive in that there are two routes a doctor may pursue to get the speciality. The word “dermatopathologist” refers to one of these medical professionals who has attained a specific level of training and experience in the pathology of the skin. In the US, this would be either a general pathologist or a dermatologist.

Investigative pathology:

In an autopsy room, a pathologist dissects the abdominal and thoracic organs of a human being. The primary goal of forensic pathology is to identify the cause of death by post-mortem study of a corpse or fragmentary remains.

Histopathology:

The microscopic analysis of different types of human tissue is known as histopathology. Histopathology specifically refers to a pathologist’s evaluation of a biopsy or surgical material after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been mounted on glass slides. In contrast, cytopathology employs free cells or pieces of tissue in its techniques.

Neuropathology:

Nervous system diseases study is called neuropathology. Typically, this is done through the use of surgical biopsies, however it may also be done through the use of entire brains in autopsies. A specialisation of anatomic pathology, neurology, and neurosurgery is neuropathology. Neuropathology is viewed as a branch of anatomical pathology in many English-speaking nations.

Respiratory pathology:

The diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders of the lungs and thoracic pleura are the focus of the field of anatomic (and particularly surgical) pathology known as pulmonary pathology. Bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy, percutaneous biopsy under CT guidance, and video-assisted thoracic surgery are common methods for obtaining diagnostic specimens.

Renal pathology:

The diagnosis and characterisation of kidney disease are the focus of renal pathology, a branch of anatomic pathology. Nephrologists and transplant surgeons frequently collect diagnostic specimens by percutaneous renal biopsy, and renal pathologists collaborate closely with them in a medical environment.

Surgery-related pathology:

For the majority of anatomical pathologists, surgical pathology is one of their main fields of expertise. In surgical pathology, surgical specimens are examined grossly and microscopically, as well as biopsies that have been provided by both surgeons and non-surgeons such as general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists.

In clinical pathology:

Using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology, and molecular pathology, clinical pathology is a medical speciality that deals with the diagnosis of illness based on the laboratory examination of tissues and physiological fluids like blood and urine. Clinical pathologists closely coordinate their efforts with hospital administrators, referring physicians, and medical technologists.

Hematopathology:

Hematopathology is the study of illnesses affecting hematopoietic system tissues, organs, and blood cells (including their components, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets). The hematopoietic system comprises bone marrow, lymph nodes, the thymus, the spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. It also refers to the tissues and organs that create and/or house predominantly hematopoietic cells.

Molecule-based pathology:

Through the analysis of molecules found in organs, tissues, or physiological fluids, molecular pathology focuses on the research and diagnosis of illness. Anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics, and genetics all share certain elements of practice with molecular pathology, which is interdisciplinary by nature.

Pathology of the mouth and face:

The American Dental Association recognizes nine dental specialities, including oral and maxillofacial pathology, which is frequently regarded as a specialist in both pathology and dentistry. To become a diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, oral pathologists must complete three years of post-doctoral study in an authorized school.

Experimental pathology Society American Society for Investigative Pathology, Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia, American Society of Toxicologic and Experimental Pathology, Molecular and Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia, American Cancer Society, American Society for Clinical Pathology

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